Ideas For Prevention Of the Spread of HIV - Free Essay Example

Since the first homosexual was found to have the HIV virus in America in the year 1981, Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been a core group of population prevalently affected by HIV and AIDS (Beyrer, et al. A call to action 2012). Though it is believed that people had been living with HIV virus long before it was discovered, the discovery of the Virus in a homosexual marked the beginning of stigmatization of those living with HIV and AIDS. To some extent, the stigmatization limited an effective public health initiative making the virus spread in populations globally (Beyrer, et al. A call to action 2012). For a long period, people with HIV have continued to face stigmatization and discrimination in society. No population has suffered this most than men who have sex with men alias MSM. Though MSM form an enormous population of the people with HIV, they have suffered discrimination and stigmatization. This is because first, HIV is shunned by many and also the aspect of sexuality is not acknowledged by many in society. This has worsened the situation making HIV spread rapidly among the MSM population despite many steps having been made forward to fight HIV such as the discovery of antiretroviral drugs among others. In fact, Beyrer in another article argues that epidemics of HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to expand in most countries (Beyrer, et al. Global epidemiology 2012). This paper looks into the reaso ns why HIV spread in MSM continue unabated and some of the solutions to lessen the spread of HIV among the MSM. In the article, the author blames the stigmatization of (MSM) on the spread of HIV (Beyrer 2012). The MSM remains stigmatized, discriminated and criminalized community in the society. The stigmatization, discrimination, and criminalization manifests itself in various ways. For instance the MSM, despite prevalently forming part of the community infected with HIV, they have not viewed and acknowledged as a threat and as part of public health concern. They are thus left out in public health initiatives though they are an important part of society. For instance, out of a possible 195 countries in the world, only 87 of them had reported the widespread presence of HIV in MSM. Not only that, in other areas like the Middle East and African countries, there are criminal sanctions against homosexuality, which make HIV spread amongst themselves challenging. In most of these areas, MSM with HIV are left without medical care and treatment leave alone preventive measures. For instance, they rarely get access to antiretroviral for preventive measures.   They also do not get access to condoms (Beyrer, et al. A call to action 2012). All these manners of discrimination and stigmatization cause impact the spread of HIV in MSM. Another study by Philip et al blames the increase in HIV among MSM on condomless sexual relations, a point that had been echoed by Beyer et al 2012. The authors argue that the failure of the MSM to use condoms while having sex precipitates the spread of HIV and AIDS in the MSM population (Phillips, et al 2013). This explains why there is a prevalence of HIV infections in MSM networks because they have unprotected sex amongst themselves thereby spread HIV. Sullivan et al argue that behavioral interventions aimed at lessening the protection of anal sex have not achieved much in preventing the spread of HIV in MSM. Though they have some level of efficacy, they are not effective alone but need to be used in conjunction with biomedical preventive measures Sullivan et al. Beyler et al propose various solution to curb the prevalent spread of HIV. According to these authors, from a human right perspective, stigmatization, discrimination, and criminalization of MSM must change if there are any hopes of curbing the spread of HIV amongst the MSM community (Beyrer, et al. A call to action 2012). Once these people are accepted for who they are, that will be the right step towards preventing the spread of HIV. Accepting them will first appreciate that these people are a vulnerable part of the population that need specialized attention when it comes to HIV.   Decriminalization of MSM also needs to occur in those areas where the practice of homosexual is prohibited. Besides the human right angle of the solution, there is the public health solution according to Beyler et al. First there is need to ensure that the MSM get proper treatment to curb the spread of HIV. Preventive measures such as an increased provision of Condoms as well as lubricants can also be u ndertaken to ensure that MSM with HIV does not infect others in their population. Besides that, there is also the use of antiretroviral drugs address HIV spread.   Although Beyler et al suggest those remedies, they also argue that there is a need to continue researching, and making structural reform to tackle the spread of HIV in MSM. Beyrer et al argue in another article that though there are biological ways to lower the spread of HIV in MSM such as the use of antiretroviral among others, they are often made ineffective by structural factors such as discrimination and stigmatization that make MSM adopt a low health-seeking behavior (Beyrer, et al. Global epidemiology 2012). For Philips however, the best solution to the problem is to increase the rate of HIV testing for MSM in combination with viral suppression by use of biological means to reduce the infection incidences. However, in order not to erode the benefits realized through induced viral suppression, there is a need for MSM to adopt the use of Condoms (Phillips, et al 2013). Sullivan et al join Philips in stressing the need for abandoning the use of standalone mean to tackling the spread of HIV but instead adopt both behavioral intervention and biomedical intervention (Sullivan et al). The use of the combined means can curb the spread of HIV. From the studies conducted, it is evident that HIV spread in MSM is prevalent and need much intervention. Though all the researchers have different means of curbing the spread of HIV in MSM, they agree that both medical intervention and behavioral intervention need to be adopted to tackle the spread of HIV in MSM. A combination of all strategies available can help prevent the spread of HIV. For instance, MSM should be encouraged to use Condoms and antiretroviral as biomedical preventive strategies. For behavioral interventions, there is a need to accept MSM as part of the community without discriminating and stigmatizing them.

The Public Schooling System During The United States

When looking at the history of America, it is fascinating to see how the public schooling system even got started. The first schools in America were not public schools, as many would presume. Instead, â€Å"the first schools in the United States were religious and not secular† (Elifson 1). Nearly all public schools, up to the 1960’s incorporated religion and prayer in their classrooms; however, in the last 50 years, prayer and religion in public schools has been debated over countless times. Even in Hudsonville, Michigan, which holds the record in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the most churches on a single street, there is much debate over prayer and the teaching of Christianity, or any religion, in the public schools. When I†¦show more content†¦Samuel Ayers and Shelly Reid are two educators at schools in Texas and they agree with this statement. They argue constantly in their article that religions are essential in teaching social studies. Rei d and Ayers contend that, â€Å"[the] very faces of Europe and Africa were changed as Muslims and Christians battled over lands during the Middle Ages† (2). They also state that in other countries, â€Å"entire social systems are based on religious beliefs† (2). Consequently, this points to the fact that religion, in its entirety, is immensely important in teaching students the history of nations and many social systems that nations uphold. Reid and Ayers have proven that after receiving the knowledge of religion in some countries and understanding why their respective religions were important to them, â€Å"[students] achieved a deeper understanding of many current events, [especially] those involving the Middle East†(Ayers and Reid 2). It is perfectly clear that in many circumstances, knowing the religious background of a nation will help enlighten the students to better understand why some nations hold a particular stance on a given matter (Ayers and Reid 1-3 ). Another author, Rob Boston, talks about this subject in less detail. He argues that â€Å"legitimate instruction about religion as an academic subject in public schools [is not] a problem. As long

History Essay - 2625 Words

History The study of history is a challenging and often ambiguous pursuit of reconstruction. Historians are forced to remove themselves from the confines of modernity while desperately trying to grasp the fleeting remnants of an ever fading past. It is impossible, however, for a historian to fully accomplish either one of these necessities of research. The present remains an integral part of his perspective causing a distinctive slant in the analysis; evidence of the past can remain hidden or be entirely lost in the strides of time. These limitations of individual historians’ conceptions of the past necessitate the study of history to be an accumulation of different theories throughout the ages by conflicting researchers. A†¦show more content†¦What particularly sets Hofstadter’s argument apart is his research focus on the popular, political culture of the time. His analysis centers on â€Å"the kind of thinking that impinged most directly upon the ordinary poli tically conscious citizen.† Hofstadter begins with an examination of the public misconceptions that surrounded the Populist rise to political activism. He claims that this agrarian outcry developed out of â€Å"a primary interest† to remain â€Å"a survival of the pioneer, striving to adjust present conditions to his old ideals.† Therefore, a Jeffersonian mindset based on the need for self-sufficiency was forced to deal with the harsh truths of a changing reality. The farmers that comprised a large portion of the Populist movement were trying to rationalize the complexities of an industrial world and economy with an out-dated mind that was reluctant to adapt. Their inability to comprehend the intricate changes that were affecting their ability to achieve the faded, Jeffersonian image of economic self-sufficiency led to a hysteria founded in ignorance and displacement. Hofstadter theorizes that this collective insecurity and paranoia led the Populists to e xpand into Anti-Semitism, nativism, and other radical ideas in the vain hope of placing blame for the confusion and frustration that they were experiencing. In short, Hofstadter’s argument destroys the typical, heroic view previously held by historians of the Populist little man rising up to take onShow MoreRelatedHistory And History : History1540 Words   |  7 PagesAmrozia Shahram History 1301. P09 Essay History is integral part of our lives and historians play an important role to preserve history. Historians are present in every society. They have been around probably throughout the history of humanity. Their work however has become more methodical and systematic now. Modern day historians spend a lot of time searching for the truth from various sources of past information. 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Organization Description Enron Corporation an American Energy Company Essay Sample free essay sample

Enron Corporation was an American energy company based in Houston. TX. Before the company went bankrupt in late 2001. Enron had 22. 000 employees and was one of the world’s taking electricity. natural gas. mush and paper. and communications companies. In 2000. Enron reported grosss of practically $ 101 billion. In November 1999. Enron launched their newest undertaking Enron Online which was the first web-based dealing system that permitted purchasers and Sellerss to purchase. sell. and trade merchandises globally. This was the first of assorted web-based concerns. At the terminal of 2001. a find of holding high net incomes were based on an institutionalized. systematic. and creatively planned accounting fraud were acknowledged on Enron studies. Enron’s stock plummeted and Enron employees and investors in pension financess lost over 20 five billion dollars. Enron has since become a widespread representation of wilful corporate fraud and corruptness. The dirt is a precede nt instance in the field of concern fraud and developed inquiring of the accounting patterns of many corporations throughout the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Description: Enron Corporation an American Energy Company Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enron’s failure contributed to the formation of the U. S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act. besides known as SOX. signed into jurisprudence on July 30. 2002 ( Healy. 2003 ) . Accounting Ethical Breach Arthur Andersen served Enron as an hearer and a adviser. For two old ages Andersen to boot worked as internal hearer for Enron. Andersen reviewed his ain work as internal hearer. Andersen assisted Enron by making originative accounting tools and assisting set up legion particular purpose entities. With the aid of Andersen. Enron successfully omitted around 50 per centum of its assets selling them to legion fabricated houses. Enron was able to show increased net incomes on their fiscal statements every accounting day of the month. Many of the trades included concealed warrants of no commercial hazard for the entities buying the assets. Therefore. Enron guaranteed to purchase back the assets. hedged the prepaid contracts with stock options. or offered a rate of return. Andersen. the adult male who should’ve been supervising and oversing the fiscal activities and corporate behaviour. had converted into a portion of the Enron dirt. Andersen received 52 million in fees in 2000 but less than 50 % was paid for accounting services. Andersen scheme was to offer both confer withing and accounting services combined so he non merely audited the company but he besides advised the company on investings. The individual commanding your investings should non be the individual who is scrutinizing your investings ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Impact to the Organization Once things took a bend in the incorrect way. Enron publicized its purpose that during the 3rd one-fourth of 2001. the company would take a loss of $ 1. 01 billion while at the same clip. cut down shareholders’ financess by $ 1. 2 billion as a consequence of rectifying accounting mistakes in the yesteryear ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Enron forces and shareholders in pension financess lost over 20 five billion dollars. Thousands of Enron workers and stakeholders lost everything. all their nest eggs. children’s college financess. and pensions when Enron collapsed ( Healy. 2003 ) . Enron’s 22. 000 employees lost their occupations. As a consequence of the fraud probes. the company was forced to register for bankruptcy in December 2001 ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Detection of Ethical Issues Sharon Watkins. the whistle blower of Enron. expressed her fright of Enron go offing in a memo addressed to Kenneth Lay. the laminitis proprietor and CEO of the corporation. Her memo was held as unproved ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Ms. Watkins noticed in Late October of 2001 that the hard currency flow from operations were virtually nonexistent until each 4th one-fourth. predictable net incomes declined significantly from 1997 until the prostration. the turnover rate of top executives started increasing. and unclear party related revelations ( Watkins. 2003 ) . There was besides a study from Off Wall Street Consulting Group March 6 2001 declaring fake accounting by Enron but this article was non taken earnestly ( Ablander. 2005 ) . The Commission reacted to remarks in the imperativeness about the houses jobs and opened an enforcement probe during the 3rd one-fourth of 2001 ( McNamar. 2003 ) . Managements Failure Enron hired aggressive and determined directors and paid them handsomely. Enron enforced the inducement of self-enrichment and greed for amazing payment ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Money is non merely the root of all immoralities but it besides the swayer of this universe. Many calling picks and occupation chances are chosen based on the wage the employee will be having. In Enron’s instance. the direction squad handed out fillips like confect on Halloween or like gifts on Christmas. The employees were given immense fillips for shutting trades ; nevertheless. many of the trades closed damaged Enron in the terminal. Within the last three old ages. before the company went bankrupt. the top executives received $ 1. 1 billion in stock options. Enron was the line of life of the company so direction would distort paperss in order to do the company’s fiscal state of affairs expression appealing. Many senior direction functionaries cashed in their stock options and fled before the comp any crashed. The sarcasm of market hazards and oblivion against all signifiers of disapprobation prohibited directors from believing realistically ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Histories Impacted There are legion histories that were affected by Enron disgraceful activity. Enron booked loans as prepays without booking them as a liability on their statements. Besides. Enron entered into contracts with companies to present oil or gas development unearned grosss with no purpose to present the services due. The postpaid forward contracts had been hedged by stock options in which most of the stock options were for Enron stock and every bit long as Enron’s stock monetary values improved Enron could increase its hard currency flow without come ining any debt onto the balance sheet. With the aid of Arthur Anderson. which was the CFO of Enron. the company was able to make a batch of originative accounting tools and set up legion fabricated entities ( Ablander. 2005 ) . Resulting Impact The dirt quickly extended beyond Enron and everyone once associated with them. The Arthur Andersen LLP test on charges of obstructor of justness refering Enron aided in picturing accounting fraud at WorldCom. The wining bankruptcy of WorldCom sparked a motion of other accounting dirts that immersed a batch of companies. uncovering high-ranking corruptness. accounting mistakes. and insider trading. However. Enron was the largest bankruptcy in history at the clip of their prostration. Since the prostration. Enron has been obscured by the ruin of WorldCom and the failure of Lehman Brothers. The Enron dirt added to the formation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This Act is considered to be the most notable change to federal securities Torahs since Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal in the 1930’s. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act delivers stronger effects for fraud and requires public companies to maneuver clear of bring forthing loans to direction. to describe extra informations to the populace. to prolong sturdier independency from their hearers. and to describe and scrutinize their fiscal internal control processs. Assorted states have besides embraced new corporate administration statute law ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Recommendations No system of controls can prevent all error but a company can turn out that it has fulfilled its responsibility to implement respectable processs and work moralss ( Cernusca. 2011 ) . Corporations were obligated to register a 10 ( K ) with the SEC every four old ages. Enron last filed with the SEC April 1998 which was examined by an SEC staff member. Even a brief appraisal of its 10 ( K ) or 10 ( Q ) disclosures by another auditing house would hold raised inquiries about Enron’s concern patterns every bit good as the off balance sheet minutess. If another house had been asked to analyze any of Enron’s 10 ( K ) filings from 1992 to 2001. the hearers would hold created a review of the revelations that would hold caused the SEC Corporate Finance Department to originate a serious probe into Enron’s fiscal position. This would’ve led to implemented agreements that would’ve stopped Enron’s doubtful patterns manner before 2001 ( McNamar. 2003 ) .